Fungal Nanotechnology: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

[1] D. Newberry, "The history of nanoscience and nanotechnology," in Nanotechnology Past and Present: Leading to Science, Engineering, and Technology, ed: Springer, 2020, pp. 13-22.

[2]I. B. Amor, H. Hemmami, S. E. Laouini, S. Ahmed, H. A. Mohammed, J. A. A. Abdullah, et al., "Enhancing oxidant and dye scavenging through MgO-based chitosan nanoparticles for potential antioxidant coatings and efficient photocatalysts," Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, pp. 1-15, 2023.

[3] M. Rai, A. P. Ingle, I. R. Gupta, S. S. Birla, A. P. Yadav, and K. A. Abd-Elsalam, "Potential role of biological systems in formation of nanoparticles: mechanism of synthesis and biomedical applications," Curr Nanosci, vol. 9, pp. 576-587, 2013.

[4] M. A. Alghuthaymi, H. Almoammar, M. Rai, E. Said-Galiev, and K. A. Abd-Elsalam, "Myconanoparticles: synthesis and their role in phytopathogens management," Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, vol. 29, pp. 221-236, 2015.

[5] M. A. Raza, Z. Kanwal, A. Rauf, A. N. Sabri, S. Riaz, and S. Naseem, "Size-and shape-dependent antibacterial studies of silver nanoparticles synthesized by wet chemical routes," Nanomaterials, vol. 6, p. 74, 2016.

[6] K. M. Abou El-Nour, A. a. Eftaiha, A. Al-Warthan, and R. A. Ammar, "Synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles," Arabian journal of chemistry, vol. 3, pp. 135-140, 2010.

[7] S. Ahmed, M. Ahmad, B. L. Swami, and S. Ikram, "Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract," Journal of radiation research and applied sciences, vol. 9, pp. 1-7, 2016.

[8] H. Sowani, P. Mohite, H. Munot, Y. Shouche, T. Bapat, A. R. Kumar, et al., "Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles by an actinomycete Gordonia amicalis HS-11: mechanistic aspects and biological application," Process Biochemistry, vol. 51, pp. 374-383, 2016.

[9] S. Honary, H. Barabadi, E. Gharaei-Fathabad, and F. Naghibi, "Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles induced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum," Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 12, pp. 7-11, 2013.

[10] A. Yadav, K. Kon, G. Kratosova, N. Duran, A. P. Ingle, and M. Rai, "Fungi as an efficient mycosystem for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles: progress and key aspects of research," Biotechnology letters, vol. 37, pp. 2099-2120, 2015.

[11] H. Bahrulolum, S. Nooraei, N. Javanshir, H. Tarrahimofrad, V. S. Mirbagheri, A. J. Easton, et al., "Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using microorganisms and their application in the agrifood sector," Journal of Nanobiotechnology, vol. 19, pp. 1-26, 2021.

[12] A. G. Patil, K. Kounaina, S. Aishwarya, N. Harshitha, P. Satapathy, S. Hudeda, et al., "Myco-nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture: challenges and opportunities," Recent Trends in Mycological Research: Volume 1: Agricultural and Medical Perspective, pp. 457-479, 2021.

[13] N. Kumari, A. K. Jha, and K. Prasad, "Fungal nanotechnology and biomedicine," Fungal Nanotechnology: Applications in Agriculture, Industry, and Medicine, pp. 207-233, 2017.

[14] X. Huang, Y. Zhu, and E. Kianfar, "Nano biosensors: properties, applications and electrochemical techniques," Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 12, pp. 1649-1672, 2021.

[15] A. P. Nikalje, "Nanotechnology and its applications in medicine," Med chem, vol. 5, pp. 081-089, 2015.

[16] S. Chatterjee, S. Mahanty, P. Das, P. Chaudhuri, and S. Das, "Biofabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles using manglicolous fungus Aspergillus niger BSC-1 and removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 385, p. 123790, 2020.

[17] E. Adebayo, M. Azeez, M. Alao, M. Oke, and D. Aina, "Mushroom nanobiotechnology: Concepts, developments and potentials," Microbial Nanobiotechnology: Principles and Applications, pp. 257-285, 2021.

[18] A. Bhargava, N. Jain, M. A. Khan, V. Pareek, R. V. Dilip, and J. Panwar, "Utilizing metal tolerance potential of soil fungus for efficient synthesis of gold nanoparticles with superior catalytic activity for degradation of rhodamine B," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 183, pp. 22-32, 2016.

[19] C. G. Joshi, A. Danagoudar, J. Poyya, A. K. Kudva, and B. Dhananjaya, "Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles by marine endophytic fungus-Cladosporium cladosporioides isolated from seaweed and evaluation of their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties," Process Biochemistry, vol. 63, pp. 137-144, 2017.

[20] A. Mohmed, S. Hassan, A. Fouda, M. Elgamal, and S. Salem, "Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aspergillus sp. and evaluation of their antibacterial and cytotoxicity," Journal of Applied Life Sciences International, vol. 11, pp. 1-12, 2017.

[21] H. Zhang, H. Zhou, J. Bai, Y. Li, J. Yang, Q. Ma, et al., "Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles mediated by fungus Mariannaea sp. HJ and their characterization," Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 571, pp. 9-16, 2019.

[22] M. M. Hulikere and C. G. Joshi, "Characterization, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using marine endophytic fungus-Cladosporium cladosporioides," Process biochemistry, vol. 82, pp. 199-204, 2019.

[23] H. Mistry, R. Thakor, C. Patil, J. Trivedi, and H. Bariya, "Biogenically proficient synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles employing marine procured fungi Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus along with their antibacterial and antioxidative potency," Biotechnology Letters, vol. 43, pp. 307-316, 2021.

[24] S. Srivastava, A. Bhargava, N. Pathak, and P. Srivastava, "Production, characterization and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum and monitoring of protein-ligand interaction through in-silico approaches," Microbial pathogenesis, vol. 129, pp. 136-145, 2019.

[25] P. Gupta, N. Rai, A. Verma, D. Saikia, S. P. Singh, R. Kumar, et al., "Green-based approach to synthesize silver nanoparticles using the fungal endophyte Penicillium oxalicum and their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and in vitro anticancer potential," ACS omega, vol. 7, pp. 46653-46673, 2022.

[26] D. Borah, N. Das, P. Sarmah, K. Ghosh, M. Chandel, J. Rout, et al., "A facile green synthesis route to silver nanoparticles using cyanobacterium Nostoc carneum and its photocatalytic, antibacterial and anticoagulative activity," Materials Today Communications, vol. 34, p. 105110, 2023.

[27] N. Phogat, M. Kohl, I. Uddin, and A. Jahan, "Interaction of nanoparticles with biomolecules, protein, enzymes, and its applications," in Precision Medicine, ed: Elsevier, 2018, pp. 253-276.

[28] N. Aziz, M. Faraz, R. Pandey, M. Shakir, T. Fatma, A. Varma, et al., "Facile algae-derived route to biogenic silver nanoparticles: synthesis, antibacterial, and photocatalytic properties," Langmuir, vol. 31, pp. 11605-11612, 2015.

[29] N. Aziz, R. Pandey, I. Barman, and R. Prasad, "Leveraging the attributes of Mucor hiemalis-derived silver nanoparticles for a synergistic broad-spectrum antimicrobial platform," Frontiers in microbiology, vol. 7, p. 225890, 2016.

[30] E. C. Sekhar, K. K. Rao, K. M. S. Rao, and S. B. Alisha, "A simple biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Syzygium cumini stem bark aqueous extract and their spectrochemical and antimicrobial studies," Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 8, pp. 073-079, 2018.

[31] F. Fatima, P. Bajpai, N. Pathak, S. Singh, S. Priya, and S. R. Verma, "Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory efficacy of extracellularly synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles by a novel phosphate solubilizing fungus Bipolaris tetramera," BMC microbiology, vol. 15, pp. 1-10, 2015.

[32] I. B. Amor, S. Zeghoud, and H. Hemmami, "Biosynthesis of silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications: Short review," Algerian journal of Biosciences, vol. 4, pp. 052-063, 2023.

[33] N. Arora, S. Agarwal, and R. Murthy, "Latest technology advances in cosmaceuticals," Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Drug Res, vol. 4, pp. 168-182, 2012.

[34] S. Malvey, J. V. Rao, and K. M. Arumugam, "Transdermal drug delivery system: A mini review," Pharma Innov, vol. 8, pp. 181-197, 2019.

[35] Y.-C. Kim, C. Jarrahian, D. Zehrung, S. Mitragotri, and M. R. Prausnitz, "Delivery systems for intradermal vaccination," Intradermal Immunization, pp. 77-112, 2012.

[36] S. Ninganagouda, V. Rathod, and D. Singh, "Characterization and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using a fungus Aspergillus niger," International Letters of Natural Sciences, vol. 10, 2014.

[37] S. Zeghoud, D. Chandran, I. B. Amor, H. Hemmami, P. Mohankumar, and T. B. Emran, "Nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer: Correspondence," Annals of Medicine and Surgery, vol. 85, pp. 2258-2260, 2023.

[38] D. Lamprou, N. Scoutaris, S. A. Ross, and D. Douroumis, "Polymeric coatings and their fabrication for medical devices," in Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering, ed: Elsevier, 2018.

[39] J.-Z. Du, X.-J. Du, C.-Q. Mao, and J. Wang, "Tailor-made dual pH-sensitive polymer–doxorubicin nanoparticles for efficient anticancer drug delivery," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 133, pp. 17560-17563, 2011.

[40] A. Goel, "Agricultural applications of nanotechnology," J Biol Chem Res, vol. 32, pp. 260-266, 2015.

[41] M. Rai, A. P. Ingle, S. Birla, A. Yadav, and C. A. D. Santos, "Strategic role of selected noble metal nanoparticles in medicine," Critical reviews in microbiology, vol. 42, pp. 696-719, 2016.

[42] R. Prasad, V. Kumar, and K. S. Prasad, "Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: present concerns and future aspects," African journal of Biotechnology, vol. 13, pp. 705-713, 2014.

[43] R. Prasad, Fungal nanotechnology: applications in agriculture, industry, and medicine: Springer, 2017.

[44] K. A. Abd-Elsalam, "Fungal nanotechnology," vol. 7, ed: MDPI, 2021, p. 583.

[45] A. Elgorban, S. Aref, S. Seham, K. Elhindi, A. Bahkali, S. Sayed, et al., "Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aspergillus versicolor and evaluation of their activity on plant pathogenic fungi," Mycosphere, vol. 7, pp. 844-852, 2016.

[46] Y. Qian, H. Yu, D. He, H. Yang, W. Wang, X. Wan, et al., "Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by the endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum and their activity against pathogenic fungi," Bioprocess and biosystems engineering, vol. 36, pp. 1613-1619, 2013.

[47] M. Balakumaran, R. Ramachandran, and P. Kalaichelvan, "Exploitation of endophytic fungus, Guignardia mangiferae for extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their in vitro biological activities," Microbiological research, vol. 178, pp. 9-17, 2015.

[48] A. Abd El-Aziz, M. Al-Othman, M. Mahmoud, and H. Metwaly, "Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Fusarium solani and its impact on grain borne fungi," Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, vol. 10, pp. 655-662, 2015.

[49] M. Gajbhiye, J. Kesharwani, A. Ingle, A. Gade, and M. Rai, "Fungus-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against pathogenic fungi in combination with fluconazole," Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, vol. 5, pp. 382-386, 2009.

[50] C. Sundaravadivelan and M. N. Padmanabhan, "Effect of mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles from filtrate of Trichoderma harzianum against larvae and pupa of dengue vector Aedes aegypti L," Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 21, pp. 4624-4633, 2014.

[51] H. C. Oliveira, R. Stolf-Moreira, C. B. R. Martinez, R. Grillo, M. B. de Jesus, and L. F. Fraceto, "Nanoencapsulation enhances the post-emergence herbicidal activity of atrazine against mustard plants," PLoS One, vol. 10, p. e0132971, 2015.

[52] S. Kumar, D. Kumar, and N. Dilbaghi, "Preparation, characterization, and bio-efficacy evaluation of controlled release carbendazim-loaded polymeric nanoparticles," Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 24, pp. 926-937, 2017.

[53] L. Cao, Z. Zhou, S. Niu, C. Cao, X. Li, Y. Shan, et al., "Positive-charge functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles as nanocarriers for controlled 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid sodium salt release," Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, vol. 66, pp. 6594-6603, 2017.

[54] J. S. Duhan, R. Kumar, N. Kumar, P. Kaur, K. Nehra, and S. Duhan, "Nanotechnology: The new perspective in precision agriculture," Biotechnology Reports, vol. 15, pp. 11-23, 2017.

[55] B. S. Sekhon, "Nanotechnology in agri-food production: an overview," Nanotechnology, science and applications, pp. 31-53, 2014.

[56] C. O. Dimkpa, J. E. McLean, D. W. Britt, and A. J. Anderson, "Antifungal activity of ZnO nanoparticles and their interactive effect with a biocontrol bacterium on growth antagonism of the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum," Biometals, vol. 26, pp. 913-924, 2013.

[57] P. Rajiv, S. Rajeshwari, and R. Venckatesh, "Bio-Fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. and its size-dependent antifungal activity against plant fungal pathogens," Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 112, pp. 384-387, 2013.

[58] C. O. Dimkpa and P. S. Bindraban, "Nanofertilizers: new products for the industry?," Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, vol. 66, pp. 6462-6473, 2017.

[59] K. M. Tripathi, A. Bhati, A. Singh, A. K. Sonker, S. Sarkar, and S. K. Sonkar, "Sustainable changes in the contents of metallic micronutrients in first generation gram seeds imposed by carbon nano-onions: life cycle seed to seed study," Acs sustainable chemistry & engineering, vol. 5, pp. 2906-2916, 2017.

[60] N. S. Khalifa and M. N. Hasaneen, "The effect of chitosan–PMAA–NPK nanofertilizer on Pisum sativum plants," 3 Biotech, vol. 8, p. 193, 2018.

[61] A. Abbaci, N. Azzouz, and Y. Bouznit, "A new copper doped montmorillonite modified carbon paste electrode for propineb detection," Applied clay science, vol. 90, pp. 130-134, 2014.

[62] W. Dudefoi, H. Terrisse, M. Richard-Plouet, E. Gautron, F. Popa, B. Humbert, et al., "Criteria to define a more relevant reference sample of titanium dioxide in the context of food: a multiscale approach," Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, vol. 34, pp. 653-665, 2017.

[63] M. L. Flores-López, M. A. Cerqueira, D. J. de Rodríguez, and A. A. Vicente, "Perspectives on utilization of edible coatings and nano-laminate coatings for extension of postharvest storage of fruits and vegetables," Food Engineering Reviews, vol. 8, pp. 292-305, 2016.

[64] D. Sahoo, A. Mandal, T. Mitra, K. Chakraborty, M. Bardhan, and A. K. Dasgupta, "Nanosensing of pesticides by zinc oxide quantum dot: an optical and electrochemical approach for the detection of pesticides in water," Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, vol. 66, pp. 414-423, 2018.

[65] I. Perçin, N. Idil, M. Bakhshpour, E. Yılmaz, B. Mattiasson, and A. Denizli, "Microcontact imprinted plasmonic nanosensors: powerful tools in the detection of Salmonella paratyphi," Sensors, vol. 17, p. 1375, 2017.

[66] A. Sun, J. Chai, T. Xiao, X. Shi, X. Li, Q. Zhao, et al., "Development of a selective fluorescence nanosensor based on molecularly imprinted-quantum dot optosensing materials for saxitoxin detection in shellfish samples," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 258, pp. 408-414, 2018.

[67] J. C. Tarafdar and R. Raliya, "Rapid, low‐cost, and ecofriendly approach for iron nanoparticle synthesis using Aspergillus oryzae TFR9," Journal of Nanoparticles, vol. 2013, p. 141274, 2013.

[68] A. Rajan, E. Cherian, and G. Baskar, "Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Aspergillus fumigatus JCF and its antibacterial activity," Int. J. Mod. Sci. Technol, vol. 1, pp. 52-57, 2016.

[69] M. Castro, L. Cottet, and A. Castillo, "Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by extracellular molecules produced by the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea," Materials Letters, vol. 115, pp. 42-44, 2014.

[70] R. Varshney, A. Mishra, S. Bhadauria, and M. Gaura, "Novel microbial route to synthesize silver nanoparticles using fungus Hormoconis resinae," Digest Journal of Nanomaterials & Biostructures (DJNB), vol. 4, 2009.

[71] A. Binupriya, M. Sathishkumar, and S.-I. Yun, "Biocrystallization of silver and gold ions by inactive cell filtrate of Rhizopus stolonifer," Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 79, pp. 531-534, 2010.

[72] J. Tarafdar, R. Raliya, and I. Rathore, "Microbial synthesis of phosphorous nanoparticle from tri-calcium phosphate using Aspergillus tubingensis TFR-5," Journal of Bionanoscience, vol. 6, pp. 84-89, 2012.

[73] R. Raliya, I. Rathore, and J. Tarafdar, "Development of microbial nanofactory for zinc, magnesium, and titanium nanoparticles production using soil fungi," Journal of Bionanoscience, vol. 7, pp. 590-596, 2013.

[74] P. Velmurugan, J. Shim, Y. You, S. Choi, S. Kamala-Kannan, K.-J. Lee, et al., "Removal of zinc by live, dead, and dried biomass of Fusarium spp. isolated from the abandoned-metal mine in South Korea and its perspective of producing nanocrystals," Journal of hazardous materials, vol. 182, pp. 317-324, 2010.

[75] R. Raliya, P. Biswas, and J. Tarafdar, "TiO2 nanoparticle biosynthesis and its physiological effect on mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)," Biotechnology Reports, vol. 5, pp. 22-26, 2015.

[76] A. Tarafdar, R. Raliya, W.-N. Wang, P. Biswas, and J. C. Tarafdar, "Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticle using Aspergillus tubingensis," Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine, vol. 5, pp. 943-949, 2013.

[77] S. Roy, T. K. Das, G. P. Maiti, and U. Basu, "Microbial biosynthesis of nontoxic gold nanoparticles," Materials Science and Engineering: B, vol. 203, pp. 41-51, 2016.

[78] A. Mohammed Fayaz, K. Balaji, M. Girilal, P. Kalaichelvan, and R. Venkatesan, "Mycobased synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their incorporation into sodium alginate films for vegetable and fruit preservation," Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, vol. 57, pp. 6246-6252, 2009.

[79] I. Maliszewska, A. Juraszek, and K. Bielska, "Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using ascomycota fungi Penicillium nalgiovense AJ12," Journal of Cluster Science, vol. 25, pp. 989-1004, 2014.

[80] S. H. Shah, X. Shan, S. Baig, H. Zhao, B. Ismail, I. Shahzadi, et al., "First identification of potato tuber rot caused by Penicillium solitum, its silver nanoparticles synthesis, characterization and use against harmful pathogens," Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 14, p. 1255480, 2023.

[81] E. Wanarska and I. Maliszewska, "The possible mechanism of the formation of silver nanoparticles by Penicillium cyclopium," Bioorganic chemistry, vol. 93, p. 102803, 2019.

[82] V. K. Chaturvedi, N. Yadav, N. K. Rai, N. H. A. Ellah, R. A. Bohara, I. F. Rehan, et al., "Pleurotus sajor-caju-mediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles active against colon cancer cell lines: a new era of herbonanoceutics," Molecules, vol. 25, p. 3091, 2020.

[83] N. T. Elazab, S. A. Younis, and S. A. Abdelgalil, "Biogenic Synthesis of Nanoparticles Mediated by Fungi," Plant Mycobiome: Diversity, Interactions and Uses, pp. 241-265, 2023.

[84] B. Viswanath, M. S. Chandra, K. P. Kumar, and B. R. Reddy, "Production and purification of laccase from Stereum ostrea and its ability to decolorize textile dyes," DBPBMB, vol. 2, pp. 19-25, 2008.

[85] A. M. Abdel-Hamid, J. O. Solbiati, and I. K. Cann, "Insights into lignin degradation and its potential industrial applications," in Advances in applied microbiology. vol. 82, ed: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 1-28.

[86] S. R. Shraddha, S. Sehgal, M. Kamthania, and A. Kumar, "Laccase: microbial sources, production, purification, and potential biotechnological applications. Enzyme Res 2011: 217861," ed, 2011.

[87] K. J. Kramer, M. R. Kanost, T. L. Hopkins, H. Jiang, Y. C. Zhu, R. Xu, et al., "Oxidative conjugation of catechols with proteins in insect skeletal systems," Tetrahedron, vol. 57, pp. 385-392, 2001.

[88] A. Kunamneni, I. Ghazi, S. Camarero, A. Ballesteros, F. J. Plou, and M. Alcalde, "Decolorization of synthetic dyes by laccase immobilized on epoxy-activated carriers," Process Biochemistry, vol. 43, pp. 169-178, 2008.

[89] A. P. Virk, P. Sharma, and N. Capalash, "Use of laccase in pulp and paper industry," Biotechnology progress, vol. 28, pp. 21-32, 2012.

[90] T. Weirick, S. S. Sahu, R. Mahalingam, and R. Kaundal, "LacSubPred: predicting subtypes of Laccases, an important lignin metabolism-related enzyme class, using in silico approaches," in BMC bioinformatics, 2014, pp. 1-19.

[91] R. C. Minussi, G. M. Pastore, and N. Durán, "Potential applications of laccase in the food industry," Trends in Food Science & Technology, vol. 13, pp. 205-216, 2002.

[92] G. Singh, A. Bhalla, P. Kaur, N. Capalash, and P. Sharma, "Laccase from prokaryotes: a new source for an old enzyme," Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, vol. 10, pp. 309-326, 2011.

[93] B. Kalim, N. Böhringer, N. Ali, and T. F. Schäberle, "Xylanases–from microbial origin to industrial application," British Biotechnology Journal, vol. 7, pp. 1-20, 2015.

[94] M. Azin, R. Moravej, and D. Zareh, "Production of xylanase by Trichoderma longibrachiatum on a mixture of wheat bran and wheat straw: Optimization of culture condition by Taguchi method," Enzyme and microbial technology, vol. 40, pp. 801-805, 2007.

[95] U. S. Prasad Uday, T. K. Bandyopadhyay, and B. Bhunia, "Rapid development of xylanase assay conditions using Taguchi methodology," Bioengineered, vol. 7, pp. 424-431, 2016.

[96] G. S. Lakshmi, C. S. Rao, R. S. Rao, P. J. Hobbs, and R. S. Prakasham, "Enhanced production of xylanase by a newly isolated Aspergillus terreus under solid state fermentation using palm industrial waste: A statistical optimization," Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 48, pp. 51-57, 2009.

[97] A. LATEEF and A. O. ADEEYO, "Green synthesis and antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles using extracellular laccase of Lentinus edodes," Notulae Scientia Biologicae, vol. 7, pp. 405-411, 2015.

[98] S. Shahi, I. Aalemzadeh, M. Khanahmadi, and R. Roostaazad, "Xylanase production under solid state fermentation by Aspergillus niger," 2011.

[99] S. K. Das, A. R. Das, and A. K. Guha, "Adsorption behavior of mercury on functionalized Aspergillus versicolor mycelia: Atomic force microscopic study," Langmuir, vol. 25, pp. 360-366, 2009.

[100] T. Riddin, Y. Govender, M. Gericke, and C. Whiteley, "Two different hydrogenase enzymes from sulphate-reducing bacteria are responsible for the bioreductive mechanism of platinum into nanoparticles," Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 45, pp. 267-273, 2009.

[101] A. Bharde, D. Rautaray, V. Bansal, A. Ahmad, I. Sarkar, S. M. Yusuf, et al., "Extracellular biosynthesis of magnetite using fungi," Small, vol. 2, pp. 135-141, 2006.

[102] S. Senapati, A. Ahmad, M. I. Khan, M. Sastry, and R. Kumar, "Extracellular biosynthesis of bimetallic Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles," Small, vol. 1, pp. 517-520, 2005.

[103] R. Raliya, J. Tarafdar, K. Gulecha, K. Choudhary, R. Ram, P. Mal, et al., "Scope of nanoscience and nanotechnology in agriculture," Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, vol. 1, pp. 041-044, 2013.

[104] B. D. Sawle, B. Salimath, R. Deshpande, M. D. Bedre, B. K. Prabhakar, and A. Venkataraman, "Biosynthesis and stabilization of Au and Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles by fungus, Fusarium semitectum," Science and technology of advanced materials, vol. 9, p. 035012, 2008.

[105] M. Fayaz, C. Tiwary, P. Kalaichelvan, and R. Venkatesan, "Blue orange light emission from biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride," Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 75, pp. 175-178, 2010.

[106] D. J. McClements and H. Xiao, "Is nano safe in foods? Establishing the factors impacting the gastrointestinal fate and toxicity of organic and inorganic food-grade nanoparticles," npj Science of Food, vol. 1, p. 6, 2017.

[107] P. Kavitha, M. Manjunath, and H. Huey-Min, "Nanotechnology applications for environmental industry," Handbook of nanomaterials for industrial applications. Elsevier, 2018.

[108] H. Deng, Y. Zhang, and H. Yu, "Nanoparticles considered as mixtures for toxicological research," Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, vol. 36, pp. 1-20, 2018.

[109] T. V. Duncan, "Applications of nanotechnology in food packaging and food safety: barrier materials, antimicrobials and sensors," Journal of colloid and interface science, vol. 363, pp. 1-24, 2011.

[110]S. Arnaldi and A. Muratorio, "Nanotechnology, uncertainty and regulation. A guest editorial," vol. 7, ed: Springer, 2013, pp. 173-175.